2:-create company

 

1:-What is tally ...

 

Logic Gate:-

                                           Logic Gate:-

Claude E Shannon discovered that Boolean algebra can be used to design  & switching circuits. As computer circuits also use a combination of switches can be one of two states open or closed. It is also called logic gate.

  All operation within a computer are carried out by means of combination of signal passing through standard block of built in circuits that are known as  logic gate.

In other words, a logic gate is simply an electronic circuit which operates on one or more input signals.

These logic gates are the building blocks of all the circuits is a computer.  These are several typing of gate but we consider have  only some of the most important ones.

Truth table:- The table in which all the possible combination of input or output shown is called truth table.

Type of logic gate:-

AND gate():-

An AND gate is the physical realization of the logical multiple operation. It is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal of 1 only if all input signal are also 1.

Or gate (+):-

It is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal of 1 if any input signal is 1.

 

 

Not gate:-

It is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal which is the reverse of input signal. A NOT gate is also called an inverter it inverters the input.

NAND Gate:-

NAND Gate is a complement AND gate.  That is the output of NAND gate will be a 1 if any one of the input is a o and will be a o only when all the inputs are one.

NOR GATE:-

A Nor Gate is a complement OR gate. That is the output of a NOR gate will be a 1 only when all inputs are 0 and will be a 0 if any input represent.

EXCLUSIVE OR GATE.

EXCLUSIVE NOR GATE.

 

Number system

                                     Number system

As we know that computer understand only two digits that’s is 0 and 1 . hence its name is digital computer .every computer  store number ,letters and other special characters , numbers and letters are convert into binary numbers that’s  why computer understand it .

“The system in which, numbers (digits) arrange in a systematic way ,by which we can decide the value or quantity is known as number system .

Number system is basically of two types.

1:-Non positional number system

2:-positional number system

1:-Non positional number system :-

In early days , human being counted on fingers . When ten fingers are not adequate, stones, sticks ,etc were used to indicate values. This method counting uses an additive approach or non positional number system.

e.g  1 for i , II for 2 , III for 3 , IIII for 5, IIIII for 5.

2   positional number system : -

 In a positional number system ,there  are only a few symbols called digits and these  symbols represent different values depending on its position they occupy in the number the value of each digits in such a number is determined by there consideration .

1-the digit it self

2-The position of the digit in the number.

3- The base of the number system.

Types of positional number system:

1-Decimal number system

2-Binary number system

3-Octal number system

4-Hexadecimal number system .

1          ---decimal number system :-

Most popular number system which we use in our daily life. This is the number system ,which is made up of ten digits (symbols) . Hence its base is 10. The numbers are 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9

 2---      binary number system :-

 It is made up of two digits that are 0 and 1. This number system is exactly like decimal number system except that the base in 2 instead of 10

3—octal number system –

 This is the number system, which is made up of 8 digits (symbols).

 That is 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 . Hence its base is 8.

e.g. (3735)₈.(43240)₈etc.

4—hexadecimal number system –

This is the number system, which is made up of 16 digits (symbols) .That is 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. hence its base is 16. E.G (A95B1)₁₆ , (9F2B1)₁₆  etc.

Its conversion is just like above conversion.

COMPUTER LANGUAGE:-

 COMPUTER LANGUAGE:-

A language is a system of communication. Like natural language English or Hindi, We communicate one another our ideas and emotions .similarly, a computer language is a means of communication used to communicate between people and computer.

Types of computer language:-

Computer language is basically of three types:-

Machine language.

Assembly language.

High level language.

Machine language:-

as we know that computer know only two digits that is o and 1

(Binary number).The language which is written with the use of only binary numbers is known as machine language .inhis language programming is very complex and confusing .programming in his languageprogrammer should have to deep knowledge about internal structure of computer.

Assembly language:-

This is first improved programming language .In this language we can use some codes (symbols)foradd,subtract,divide multiply etc.

With the help of assembler, assembly language convert into machine language .it is very tough

High level language:-

It is very similar to natural language as English it is also known as problem oriented language .it is somewhat easy and less confusing .with the help of complierOr interpreter it convert into machine language.

Compiler:-

Complier converts high level language to machine language. It translates the whole program at once.

INTER PRETER :-It is similar to compiler but difference it that it translate (interpret) the program line by line means it interpret each statement separately in the program.

ASSEMBLER :-Assembler converts assemble language to machine language.

Hardware, Software, AND Firmware

 

Hardware:- Hardware are physical device of a computer which we can touch and feel . E.g. keyboard,mouse,printer,harddisk,speaker,motherboard,soundcard etc.

Software:-

As we know that computer can not do any thing on its own.we give some instruction to the form of program for accomplish the task.

Software means a collection a program whose objective is to enhance the capabilities of the hardware.

Relation,betweem,hardware and software:-

For taking the desired resuft in the form of computer output, it is important that hardware and software must work together. A special type of software program (driver)are used to run the hardware.

Firmware:-A sequence of instruction (software) that is substituted for hardware and stored in ROM (READ only memory) is known as firmware.

Types of software:-

Software are mainly is of two types.

System software (system package)

Application software (application package)

 

System software:-(system package):-

It is a set of one or more programs, designed to control of a computer system. These program do not solve any specific problems. .e.g.(operating system)

Application,software,(application package):-

It is a set of one or more programs designed to carry out for a specific application. E.g. payroll package, Tally, CorelDraw.

 

Booting:-

Booting means to start the computer. Like television, radio computer not start at once.at the time of booting computer check all over devices which are attached into it .it is also check memory etc.

Booting is basically of two types

Hard booting (warm booting)To start the computer directly by switch

Soft booting (cold booting): to restart computer by three key that is Ctrl+Alt+Del keys.

 

Internal Structure of Computer

 

Internal Structure of Computer

All Computer System Perform the following five operations:-

Inputting, Outputting, Processing, Storing and Controlling.

 

Input Unit- This is the unit by which or information entered. Various

Input devices accomplish this task such as keyboard mouse.

Output Unit- It is responsible for giving the result. Various output devices accomplish this task such as printer, VDU (visual display unit), Speaker, etc.

Storage Unit- This unit Provides space for storing and instruction space for intermediate result and also space for final result.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The control and arithmetic logic unit of a computer system are jointly Known as the Central Processing Unit.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – All arithmetical (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division) and logic (decided) Problem solved in this unit.

Control Unit (CU) - Control unit controlled all the operation. Such as how does the ALU know what should be done with the data once they are received, how the final result (not intermediate result) shall be sent.

The microchip is the heart of computer that actually does the work. It also Known as the processor or CPU (central processing unit). It is install on the motherboard inside the computer. There are different types of Processor available in the market Pentium (P₁, P₂, P₃, and P₄) AMD, Celeron,etc.